Get ready to travel back in time as we uncover the fascinating history of the oldest countries in the world. From the ancient civilizations of Greece and China, to the medieval kingdoms of Portugal and France, these countries have stood the test of time and witnessed the rise and fall of empires. Explore the rich heritage of Armenia, the mythical origins of Japan, and the enduring legacy of Egypt. Join us on this captivating journey through time as we uncover the origins, achievements, and historical significance of these ancient lands.
Greece
History dating back to around 3200 BCE
Greece is one of the oldest countries in the world, with a rich history that dates back to around 3200 BCE. It is known for its ancient civilization and its significant contributions to various fields such as philosophy, mathematics, and literature. The Greeks were pioneers in many areas, including democracy and the Olympic Games.
The ancient Greeks were organized into city-states, each having their own government and laws. These city-states, such as Athens and Sparta, played a crucial role in shaping Greek history. Athens, in particular, was a center of intellectual and artistic achievements, with notable philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle emerging during this period.
Greece’s influence extended beyond its borders, with the conquests of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BCE resulting in the spread of Greek culture throughout much of the known world. This period, known as the Hellenistic period, had a profound impact on the development of art, architecture, and science.
Today, Greece is known for its rich cultural heritage and is a popular tourist destination. Visitors can explore ancient ruins, such as the Acropolis in Athens and the Palace of Knossos in Crete, to get a glimpse into the country’s fascinating past.
China
History dating back to the 17th century BCE
China, often referred to as the “Middle Kingdom,” has a history that stretches back to the 17th century BCE. It is one of the world’s oldest continuous civilizations and has made significant contributions to various fields, including philosophy, art, and technology.
One of China’s most influential dynasties was the Zhou Dynasty, which lasted from the 11th century BCE to 256 BCE. It was during this time that key aspects of Chinese culture, such as Confucianism and Taoism, took shape. The Great Wall of China was also constructed during this period, serving as a defense against nomadic invasions from the north.
China’s history is marked by periods of imperial rule, with the most well-known dynasty being the Qin Dynasty. Under the rule of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, China saw the construction of the Great Wall, as well as the standardization of weights, measures, currency, and the written language.
Throughout its history, China has experienced periods of great prosperity and innovation, including the Tang Dynasty’s golden age and the Song Dynasty’s advancements in technology. The country also witnessed the rise and fall of various dynasties, such as the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties.
Today, China is a global powerhouse, both economically and culturally. Visitors to China can explore historical sites, such as the Forbidden City in Beijing and the Terracotta Army in Xi’an, to gain a deeper understanding of its long and illustrious history.
Portugal
Stability of borders and role in the Age of Discovery
While Portugal may not have the same ancient origins as Greece and China, its inclusion in the list of oldest countries is due to its stability of borders and its role in the Age of Discovery.
Portugal’s borders have remained relatively unchanged for centuries, a remarkable feat considering the dynamic nature of European borders throughout history. This stability has allowed for the preservation of a distinct Portuguese identity and culture.
During the Age of Discovery, Portugal played a pivotal role in exploring unknown lands and establishing trade routes. Portuguese explorers, such as Vasco da Gama and Ferdinand Magellan, were instrumental in the exploration and colonization of new territories, including Africa, Asia, and the Americas. This period marked a significant expansion of Portuguese influence and established Portugal as a major player in global affairs.
Today, Portugal is known for its picturesque landscapes, charming cities, and rich cultural heritage. Visitors can explore historical sites, such as the Belém Tower in Lisbon and the University of Coimbra, to appreciate Portugal’s contributions to world history.
France
Existence since the division of Charlemagne’s Holy Roman Empire in 843 CE
France, a country renowned for its art, culture, and cuisine, has a long and vibrant history that can be traced back to the division of Charlemagne’s Holy Roman Empire in 843 CE. Following this division, France emerged as a distinct and separate entity, playing a significant role in European politics and shaping the course of history.
Throughout the centuries, France has experienced periods of immense political, economic, and cultural influence. The Middle Ages saw the rise of the powerful Capetian Dynasty, which consolidated royal power and laid the foundation for a centralized monarchy. This period also witnessed the construction of iconic landmarks, such as the Notre-Dame Cathedral and the Louvre Palace.
France’s history is also marked by the Renaissance, which brought about a flourishing of art, literature, and scientific inquiry. The reign of King Louis XIV, known as the Sun King, epitomized the grandeur and splendor of the French monarchy.
In the modern era, France has experienced significant political and social changes, including the French Revolution and the establishment of the First French Republic. France’s rich cultural heritage continues to thrive, with Paris being recognized as one of the world’s cultural capitals.
Today, visitors to France can explore historical sites, such as the Palace of Versailles and the Eiffel Tower, while also indulging in its world-famous cuisine and experiencing its vibrant arts scene.
Armenia
Country for most of the last 2,600 years
First state to adopt Christianity
Armenia, a country located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, has a rich and complex history that spans over 2,600 years. It has been home to various civilizations, with evidence of human habitation dating back to the Neolithic period.
Armenia has played a significant role in the history of Christianity, being the first state to formally adopt the religion in 301 CE. This early adoption had a profound impact on Armenian culture and identity, leading to the development of a unique branch of Christianity known as the Armenian Apostolic Church.
Throughout its history, Armenia has faced numerous challenges, including invasions, occupation, and conflicts. The Armenian Genocide, occurring during World War I, remains a tragic chapter in the country’s history, as it resulted in the death and displacement of a large portion of the Armenian population.
Despite these challenges, Armenia has managed to preserve its distinctive cultural heritage. Visitors to Armenia can explore ancient monasteries, such as Geghard Monastery and Tatev Monastery, which offer glimpses into the country’s rich religious and architectural history.
Japan
Claims to have been founded in 660 BCE according to mythology
Evidence of existence in the third century CE
Japan, an island nation in East Asia, has a history that spans thousands of years. According to mythology, Japan was founded in 660 BCE by Emperor Jimmu, making it one of the oldest countries in the world. While the early history of Japan is shrouded in legend and mythology, there is evidence of its existence as early as the third century CE.
Japan’s history is marked by periods of feudal rule, with powerful samurai clans vying for control over the land. This period, known as the feudal era, saw the development of unique cultural practices, such as the tea ceremony and the art of samurai warfare.
In the modern era, Japan experienced rapid industrialization and modernization, positioning it as one of the world’s leading economies. Despite being devastated by World War II, Japan successfully rebuilt itself and emerged as a global powerhouse in technology, automotive manufacturing, and pop culture.
Today, Japan is renowned for its mix of traditional and modern elements. Visitors can explore ancient temples, such as Kyoto’s Kinkaku-ji Temple and Tokyo’s Senso-ji Temple, while also enjoying the vibrant nightlife of bustling cities like Tokyo and Osaka.
Iran
Longer history of civilization than almost anywhere else
Bronze Age Elamites among the first to develop writing
Iran, formerly known as Persia, boasts a longer history of civilization than almost anywhere else in the world. Archaeological evidence indicates that advanced urban societies were thriving in the region as early as the 4th millennium BCE.
One of the earliest known civilizations in Iran was the Elamite civilization, which emerged during the Bronze Age. The Elamites were pioneers in many areas, including writing, with their script being among the first to be developed.
Iran has also witnessed the rise and fall of various empires throughout its history, including the Achaemenid Empire, Parthian Empire, and Sassanian Empire. These empires left a lasting impact on the region, with notable architectural achievements, such as the ancient city of Persepolis, still standing as a testament to their grandeur.
In more recent times, Iran has experienced significant political and social changes, including the Islamic Revolution of 1979. Despite these changes, Iran has managed to preserve its rich cultural heritage, which includes ancient Persian traditions, poetry, and art.
Visitors to Iran can explore historical sites, such as the ruins of Persepolis and the stunning Islamic architecture of Isfahan, to gain a deeper understanding of its ancient past and vibrant present.
San Marino
Founded in 301 CE
Long tradition of small city-states in Europe
San Marino, located in southern Europe, is one of the oldest countries in the world, with a history that dates back to its founding in 301 CE. It is also one of the smallest countries, both in terms of land area and population.
San Marino has a long tradition of small city-states in Europe, with the Republic of San Marino being one of the few remnants of this political structure. Despite its small size, San Marino has managed to maintain its independence and sovereignty throughout centuries of political changes and conflicts.
The country’s capital, also called San Marino, is home to various historical sites, including the Three Towers of San Marino and the Basilica of San Marino. These landmarks offer visitors a glimpse into San Marino’s medieval past and its unique political system.
Today, San Marino is known for its picturesque landscapes, charming villages, and its status as a tax haven. Visitors can enjoy stunning views from Mount Titano, the highest point in San Marino, and explore the country’s rich cultural heritage.
Ethiopia
History dating back to the 2nd millennium BCE
Never colonized by a European power
Ethiopia, located in the Horn of Africa, has a history that spans thousands of years. Evidence of human habitation in Ethiopia dates back to the 2nd millennium BCE, making it one of the oldest inhabited regions in the world.
Ethiopia’s history is characterized by the rise and fall of various kingdoms and empires, including the Aksumite Empire and the Solomonic Dynasty. The Aksumite Empire, in particular, was a major trading power and introduced Christianity to the region in the 4th century CE.
One of Ethiopia’s most notable achievements is its resistance to European colonization. Despite being surrounded by colonized territories during the Scramble for Africa in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Ethiopia successfully defended its independence and remained the only African country to never be colonized by a European power.
Today, Ethiopia is known for its rich cultural heritage, stunning natural landscapes, and unique wildlife. Visitors can explore historical sites, such as the rock-hewn churches of Lalibela and the ancient ruins of Aksum, to gain a deeper appreciation for Ethiopia’s ancient past.
Egypt
History dating back to the 6th millennium BCE
First unified kingdom formed around 3150 BCE
Egypt, often referred to as the “Gift of the Nile,” has one of the most ancient and well-documented histories in the world. Its history can be traced back to the 6th millennium BCE, with evidence of early human settlements along the Nile River.
Egypt is known for its grand pyramids, captivating myths and legends, and a civilization that flourished along the banks of the Nile. The ancient Egyptians built monumental structures, such as the Great Pyramid of Giza and the Temple of Karnak, which continue to awe and inspire visitors today.
An important milestone in Egyptian history was the formation of the first unified kingdom around 3150 BCE. This period, known as the Early Dynastic Period, marked the beginning of pharaonic rule and the development of a centralized government. The pharaohs of Egypt, considered divine rulers, built impressive monuments and oversaw the construction of intricate tombs in preparation for the afterlife.
Egypt’s history is also marked by periods of foreign rule, including the conquest by Alexander the Great and subsequent rule by the Ptolemaic Dynasty. Egypt later became part of the Roman Empire and, eventually, the Byzantine and Arab empires.
Today, Egypt remains a treasure trove of archaeological wonders, with sites such as the Valley of the Kings and the Luxor Temple attracting visitors from around the world. The country’s rich history and cultural heritage continue to captivate and inspire those who explore its ancient wonders.