Explore the ancient history of Smyrna, also known as Izmir, a popular summer town and province in Turkey. This ancient Greek settlement, once a powerful city-state belonging to the Ionian League, has a rich history that dates back to the third millennium BC. From its flourishing trade routes to its decline under Ottoman rule, Smyrna has left behind remnants of its past, including the well-preserved Agora. Discover the fascinating story of Smyrna and its transformation into modern-day Izmir, a vibrant city that still retains its historic charm.

History of Smyrna

Smyrna, known today as Izmir, has a rich history that dates back to ancient times. According to archaeological excavations at the Yeşilova Höyük site in Bornova, the region that comprises modern-day Izmir was settled around the third millennium BC. During the ancient period, Smyrna was a powerful city-state belonging to the Ionian League. It utilized its strategic location along the sea to become an important trade route between Anatolia and the Aegean, allowing it to flourish by the 7th century BC. Smyrna was later restored under the Hellenistic period and became one of the main cities of Roman Asia, competing with Pergamon and Ephesus for the title of “First City of Asia.”

Ancient Agora of Smyrna

One of the most significant remnants of ancient Smyrna is its agora, which served as the center of artistic, commercial, judicial, and political life. The ancient agora consisted of multiple parts, including the basilica gate, stoa, and marketplace. Although it was destroyed in an earthquake, it was rebuilt in 178 AD under the order of Emperor Marcus Aurelius. Today, the Smyrna Agora stands as one of the largest and best-preserved agoras in Ionia. Despite the construction of an Ottoman cemetery on the site during the Byzantine period, the agora has been protected from modern developments.

Settlement and Trade in Smyrna

Smyrna’s strategic location along the sea allowed it to thrive as a trade hub between Anatolia and the Aegean. Greek trade ships sailed into Smyrna regularly, making it a vital point along the trade route. The city’s prosperity grew, particularly during the 7th century BC, when it became an important center of trade. It continued to flourish under the Roman Empire as one of the leading cities in Asia.

Smyrna under Ottoman Rule

As Constantinople became the center of government, Smyrna’s influence diminished as trade declined. During the Ottoman period, Smyrna became part of the empire when the land belonging to the former Aydın dynasty was incorporated into Ottoman lands. By the late 19th century, Smyrna’s population was predominantly Greek, and it served as a major center for finance and culture within the community.

The Great Fire of Smyrna

In 1919, Greece occupied Smyrna, and the city remained under Greek control until the Turkish army of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk entered in 1922, marking the end of the Greco-Turkish War. Tragically, during the events surrounding the city’s transfer of control, a devastating fire known as The Great Fire of Smyrna was deliberately set in the Greek and Armenian quarters. The fire resulted in the displacement of many residents, as they fled to their native lands and never returned.

Population Change and Modern-day Izmir

Following the events surrounding The Great Fire of Smyrna, the city’s population underwent a dramatic change. As residents fled, the demographics shifted significantly, altering the city’s cultural landscape. On March 28, 1930, the Turkish Postal Service Law officially designated the city as Izmir, the internationally recognized name. Today, Izmir stands as a vibrant city that blends the echoes of its ancient past with modern developments.

Yeşilova Höyük Excavation Site

The Yeşilova Höyük excavation site in Bornova played a significant role in uncovering the ancient history of Smyrna. This archaeological site has revealed artifacts and evidence of settlements dating back to the third millennium BC. The excavations at Yeşilova Höyük have provided valuable insights into the early civilization and development of Smyrna.

Smyrna in the Hellenistic Period

During the Hellenistic period, Smyrna experienced a period of restoration and growth under the order of Alexander the Great. The city thrived as one of the main centers of Roman Asia, competing with other prominent cities like Pergamon and Ephesus. Smyrna’s prominence during this period solidified its status as a key player in the region’s political and cultural landscape.

Smyrna as a Roman City

Under Roman rule, Smyrna continued to flourish and was considered one of the major cities in Asia. It boasted impressive infrastructure, including theaters, temples, and public spaces. The city’s significance as a cultural and commercial hub remained strong, attracting people from various backgrounds and contributing to its vibrant and diverse atmosphere.

The Agora of Smyrna

The ancient agora of Smyrna was the heart of the city’s social, economic, and political activities. It served as a marketplace, meeting place, and center of public life. The remains of the agora are a testament to the city’s historical importance and have been well-preserved over the centuries. Today, visitors can explore the archaeological site and witness the remnants of this ancient hub of activity.

In conclusion, Smyrna’s history is steeped in ancient Greek and Roman influences, shaping its identity as both a cultural and commercial center. From its early settlements to its prominence under Hellenistic and Roman rule, Smyrna emerged as a thriving city-state and key player in the region’s history. Despite facing challenges and undergoing significant changes, Smyrna, now known as Izmir, stands as a testament to its rich past and continues to be a vibrant and dynamic city in modern-day Turkey.