Discover the fascinating underground cities of Cappadocia, Turkey, which have gained international acclaim. These ancient cities, initially constructed by the Phrygians centuries ago, served as a sanctuary for inhabitants seeking refuge from invasion and persecution throughout history. Among the most renowned underground cities is Derinkuyu, built during the Byzantine era. With its stone doors and capacity to shelter up to 20,000 people, Derinkuyu stands as a testament to the resourcefulness and resilience of its inhabitants. Another notable underground city is Kaymakli, which played a pivotal role during the Arab-Byzantine wars and boasts an impressive eight levels descending deep into the earth. You can explore the first four accessible levels of Kaymakli and other captivating historical sites in Turkey by joining Culture Trip’s 12-day group tour. With transportation readily available and affordable entrance fees, immersing yourself in the rich history of Cappadocia’s underground cities has never been easier.
History of Underground Cities in Cappadocia
The underground cities in Cappadocia, Turkey have become famous worldwide for their unique and fascinating history. These cities were initially built by the Phrygians in the 8th and 7th centuries BCE, making them over two millennia old. The Phrygians constructed these underground cities for various reasons, including protection from invaders and persecution.
Origin and Construction by the Phrygians
The Phrygians, an ancient civilization in Central Anatolia, were the first to build these underground cities in Cappadocia. They carved intricate tunnels, chambers, and rooms into the soft volcanic rock, creating a complex network of underground structures. The purpose of these underground cities is believed to be a means of protection from external threats, such as invading armies or natural disasters.
Purpose of the Cities throughout History
Throughout history, the underground cities in Cappadocia served as safe havens for the local inhabitants. They provided refuge during times of war, invasion, and persecution. These cities were equipped with defensive features, such as stone doors, narrow passages, and ventilation shafts, making them ideal for defensive purposes. The underground cities offered citizens a temporary escape, allowing them to continue their lives underground until the danger had passed.
Derinkuyu Underground City
One of the most famous underground cities in Cappadocia is Derinkuyu. This city was built during the Byzantine era and is a testament to the ingenuity and architectural prowess of its creators. Derinkuyu is estimated to have sheltered around 20,000 people, making it one of the largest underground cities in the region.
Built During the Byzantine Era
Derinkuyu Underground City was constructed during the Byzantine era, specifically between the 5th and 10th centuries CE. The Byzantines, who inherited the underground cities from their predecessors, expanded and enhanced these structures to meet their specific needs. The city’s architecture and engineering feats during this period are particularly impressive, as they were able to carve out numerous levels and create a self-sustaining underground community.
City’s Capacity and Defensive Measures
Derinkuyu Underground City was designed to accommodate a substantial number of inhabitants. The city consists of multiple levels, with each level serving a specific purpose. In addition to living quarters, Derinkuyu had food storage areas, churches, wineries, and even livestock pens. This self-sufficiency allowed the residents to survive for extended periods without having to venture above ground.
To ensure the safety of the inhabitants, Derinkuyu was equipped with several defensive measures. Stone doors could be rolled into place to seal off certain sections of the city, effectively barricading the inhabitants from potential threats. Narrow passages and winding tunnels made it difficult for invading armies to navigate the underground labyrinth, providing occupants with a significant advantage.
Kaymakli Underground City
Another significant underground city in Cappadocia is Kaymakli. It is renowned for being the widest underground city in Turkey and offers visitors an opportunity to explore its depths.
Usage during Arab-Byzantine Wars
Kaymakli Underground City served as a shelter during the Arab-Byzantine wars that took place in the 7th and 8th centuries CE. The underground city provided the local inhabitants with protection and safety during these tumultuous times. Similar to Derinkuyu, Kaymakli had defensive features, such as narrow tunnels and stone doors, to safeguard its inhabitants.
Largest Underground City in Turkey
Kaymakli is considered the largest underground city in Turkey, spanning several levels deep into the earth. While the exact number of levels is uncertain, it is believed to have at least eight underground levels. However, only the first four levels are currently accessible to visitors. These levels give a glimpse into the architectural marvel and ingenuity of the ancient builders.
Levels of Depth and Visitor Accessibility
The depths of Kaymakli’s underground city are awe-inspiring. Each level served a distinct purpose, with areas designated for living quarters, storage, ventilation, and religious worship. Visitors can explore the first four levels and witness the remarkable craftsmanship and planning that went into designing and constructing this underground marvel. While the lower levels remain inaccessible, the open levels still provide a significant insight into the lives of those who sought refuge here.
How to Reach the Underground Cities
Reaching the underground cities in Cappadocia is relatively easy, as they are well-connected and easily accessible from the city of Nevşehir.
Transportation Options from Nevşehir
Nevşehir offers various transportation options to reach the underground cities. Visitors can choose to take a bus or taxi, with regular routes available throughout the day. The journey from Nevşehir to the underground cities is relatively short, allowing visitors to arrive at their destination within a reasonable time frame.
Entrance Fees and Regulations
To visit the underground cities, there are entrance fees that need to be paid. The fee is approximately 60 Turkish lira for adults, although prices may vary depending on the season and other factors. It is important to note that there may be certain regulations in place to preserve the integrity of the underground cities. Visitors are urged to follow these guidelines to ensure the sites can be enjoyed by future generations.
Exploring the Underground Cities
When visiting Cappadocia, a trip to the underground cities is a must. There are two main cities that can be explored: Derinkuyu and Kaymakli.
Visiting Derinkuyu and Kaymakli
Derinkuyu and Kaymakli offer visitors a unique opportunity to step back in time and experience the marvels of ancient architecture. Guided tours are available for those who wish to have a deeper understanding of the cities’ history and significance. These tours provide insightful commentary from knowledgeable guides, making the experience more informative and enjoyable.
Guided Tours and Local Guides
Exploring the underground cities with a guide offers numerous benefits. Guides are well-versed in the history, architecture, and cultural significance of the underground cities, enhancing the overall experience for visitors. They provide valuable insights and answer any questions that may arise during the tour. Additionally, local guides often provide a unique perspective as they share their personal stories and experiences, making the visit more engaging and meaningful.
Architectural Features
The underground cities in Cappadocia boast several architectural features that highlight the remarkable ingenuity of their builders and inhabitants.
Tunnel Systems and Ventilation
One of the most impressive architectural features of the underground cities is the intricate tunnel systems. These tunnels connected various parts of the cities and allowed for easy transportation and movement. Moreover, ventilation shafts were strategically placed throughout the cities to provide a constant flow of fresh air, ensuring the comfort and well-being of the inhabitants.
Defensive Architecture
Defensive architecture played a crucial role in protecting the underground cities from external threats. Stone doors were a common feature in both Derinkuyu and Kaymakli, which could be rolled into place to barricade entrances and passages, providing a formidable defense against potential invaders. The narrow, winding tunnels also served as a defensive mechanism, making it difficult for enemies to navigate the underground maze.
Living Areas and Underground Communities
The underground cities were not merely places of refuge; they also served as fully functional communities. Living areas, such as rooms and chambers, were carved out of the rock, allowing the inhabitants to create a semblance of home underground. These spaces were equipped with basic amenities, including fireplaces and storage areas, ensuring the comfort and survival of the residents.
Places of Worship and Religious Significance
Religion held great importance in the lives of the underground city inhabitants. Within the cities, multiple places of worship, such as churches, were constructed, providing a spiritual sanctuary for the people. These religious sites were adorned with elaborate frescoes and intricate details, demonstrating the craftsmanship and devotion of the inhabitants.
Preservation Efforts
Preserving the underground cities in Cappadocia presents several challenges due to their age and fragile nature. However, significant efforts have been made to conserve these historical treasures.
Challenges in Preserving the Underground Cities
The age and delicate nature of the underground cities pose unique challenges in terms of preservation. Factors such as erosion, excessive humidity, tourism impact, and structural stability need to be carefully addressed to ensure the long-term survival of these underground marvels.
UNESCO World Heritage Site Status
Recognizing the exceptional cultural and historical value of the underground cities, they have been granted UNESCO World Heritage Site status. This acknowledgment highlights the global significance of these sites and emphasizes the need for their preservation and protection.
Restoration Projects and Conservation Measures
Several restoration projects have been initiated to maintain and restore the underground cities in Cappadocia. Conservation measures, such as controlled tourism, reinforced structures, and climate control systems, are being implemented to mitigate the impact of external factors and safeguard these underground wonders for future generations.
Similar Underground Cities Around the World
While the underground cities in Cappadocia are undoubtedly remarkable, similar underground cities can be found in various countries around the world.
Examples from Different Countries
Countries like Iran, China, and France also have their own underground cities, each with its unique historical, cultural, and architectural features. These underground cities offer fascinating insights into the lives of past civilizations and the various reasons for constructing such elaborate underground structures.
Comparison with Cappadocian Cities
While each underground city has its own distinct characteristics, a comparison can be drawn between these cities and those in Cappadocia. The historical significance, architectural features, and cultural importance of these underground cities create a shared narrative that connects civilizations across time and geography.
Tourism and Cultural Importance
The underground cities in Cappadocia have emerged as significant tourist attractions, attracting both local and international visitors. Their cultural and historical importance, coupled with their unique and awe-inspiring architecture, make them a must-visit destination.
Attraction for Local and International Tourists
The underground cities in Cappadocia serve as a major draw for both local and international tourists. Their historical significance and architectural marvels have captured the imagination of people from around the world, enticing them to explore these ancient underground wonders.
Impact on Local Economy and Development
The tourism generated by the underground cities has had a significant impact on the local economy and development in the region. The influx of visitors has led to the growth of various industries, including hospitality, transportation, and local businesses. This economic boost has contributed to the overall development and prosperity of the local community.
Educational and Historical Significance
The underground cities offer valuable educational and historical insights as they provide tangible evidence of the past. Exploring the cities allows visitors to learn about the lives, culture, and architectural achievements of ancient civilizations. In addition to their cultural and historical importance, the underground cities foster a sense of wonder and curiosity, igniting a passion for history and preservation.
Booking a Guided Tour
To fully experience the underground cities in Cappadocia and other historical sites in Turkey, booking a guided tour is highly recommended. Culture Trip offers a comprehensive 12-day group tour that includes visits to the underground cities, as well as other significant historical sites across the country.
12-day Group Tour by Culture Trip
Culture Trip’s 12-day group tour provides an immersive and enriching experience for travelers. The tour includes expert-guided visits to the underground cities, allowing visitors to gain a deeper understanding of their historical and cultural significance. Additionally, the tour covers other notable historical sites, providing a comprehensive exploration of Turkey’s rich heritage.
Exploring Other Historical Sites in Turkey
In addition to the underground cities, Turkey boasts a myriad of other historical sites that are worth exploring. The guided tour offers the opportunity to visit iconic landmarks such as the Hagia Sophia, Ephesus, and Pamukkale. This allows visitors to gain a holistic understanding of Turkey’s ancient past and its diverse cultural heritage.
Accommodation and Itinerary
Culture Trip’s guided tour includes comfortable accommodation and a carefully planned itinerary. Participants can expect to stay in reputable hotels that cater to their needs and preferences. The itinerary is thoughtfully crafted to provide a well-rounded experience, ensuring that visitors make the most of their time exploring the underground cities and other historical sites in Turkey.
In conclusion, the underground cities in Cappadocia stand as remarkable testaments to the ingenuity, resilience, and cultural heritage of the people who built them. These cities have withstood the test of time and continue to captivate visitors from around the world. From the Phrygians to the Byzantines, these ancient underground marvels have played significant roles throughout history. The combination of historical significance, unique architecture, and cultural importance make exploring the underground cities a truly memorable experience.